The physical properties of alkenes are similar to those of the alkanes. Alkanes are the simplest and the least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. You can find notes and exam questions for additional math, elementary math, physics, biology and chemistry. Learn the iupac system for naming alkanes and cycloalkanes. The study of some of these principles has been associated traditionally more with physical chemistry than with organic chemistry.
The alkanes are the simplest of the hydrocarbons, consisting of carbon, hydrogen and single bonds only. Alkanes, like all other organic chemicals are insoluble in water. Bsc or bachelor of science is basically a 3year undergraduate program designed for individuals who want a career in the field of science bsc 1st year consists of two semesters, i. Pdf a textbook of organic chemistry by arun bahl pdf. After watching the covalent bonds video you should have sufficient knowledge to understand about how alkanes and alkenes are formed and the differences. They are commercially very important, being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry. A hydrocarbon is a compound composed of only carbon and. A textbook of organic chemistry by arun bahl what is organic chemistry. Radical halogenation of alkanes organic chemistry socratic. Provided the academic center for excellenceby 1 naming organic compounds june 2016 naming organic compounds. Alkanes are organic compounds that consist entirely of singlebonded carbon and hydrogen atoms and lack any other functional groups. Chapter 5 introduction to organic chemistry chemistry. Alkanes are nonpolar and are hence soluble in other nonpolar liquids and.
There are many different types of organic compounds, but all have carbon. Organic chemistry owes its name and origin to the study of those substances which had been produced in living organisms, whether vegetable. Assignment the world of chemistry videothe age of polymers due. There are many different types of organic compounds, but all have carbon as their principal constituent atom. The alkanes and cycloalkanes are also members of a larger class of compounds referred to as.
Click here to view some great books which can aid your learning. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes are the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only carbons and hydrogens. Jan 04, 2015 are you confused by iupac nomenclature. Chemistryscore is an online resource created for anyone interested in learning chemistry online. Organic chemistry is the study of the chemistry of carbon compounds. The international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac is the organization that assigns names to chemical compounds, and these names generally have three. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of. Organic chemistryalkanes wikibooks, open books for an. This content can also be downloaded as interactive pdf. Naming alkanes with alkyl groups video khan academy. Naming linear alkanes with branching starting from the structure, and drawing the structures based on the name. Organic chemistry i form 3 chemistry notes font size decrease font.
Before proceeding, it is important to emphasize that beginning organic chemistry students must get used to seeing alkane chains from different angles, perspectives, and positions, as shown below using lineangle formulas for linear alkanes. For the interactive pdf, adobe reader is required for full functionality. Branched alkanes containing three or more carbon atoms in their longest chain have isomers with unique names iii. They are the most commonly studied in introductory organic chemistry courses. The alkanes and cycloalkanes are also members of a larger class of compounds referred to as aliphatic. In branched alkanes, the carbon backbone splits off in one or more directions. Alkanes have so few reactions apart from combustion in oxygen that an alkane is not considered to contain a functional group. Best igcse organic chemistry notes complete breakdown.
Simply put, aliphatic compounds are compounds that do not incorporate any. Alkane and cycloalkane nomenclature i video khan academy. Unit 7 introduction to organic chemistry 1 unit 7 introduction to organic chemistry student version contents a introducing organic molecules b isomerism c crude oil d the combustion of alkanes e preparation and chemical reactions of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes f benzene and aromatic compounds. The chemistry of the organic molecule is defined by the function groups it contains. Home page chemistryscore your online chemistry resource. As organic chemistry grew and developed, many compounds were given trivial names, which are now. Providing study notes, tips, and practice questions for students preparing for their o level or upper secondary examinations. The fluorocarbons have extraordinarily low boiling points relative to the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular weight. First ill explain what line notation represents, and then ill introduce the basic rules for naming alkanes. General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction.
Alkanes that have carbons that are bonded to more than 2. Introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of alkanes and cycloalkanes 1. They are commercially very important, for being the principal constituent of gasoline and lubricating oils and are extensively employed in organic chemistry. Learn the important physical and chemical properties of the alkanes.
Part i library of synthetic reactions 1 note that this is a partial list of reactions 1 graphics are obtained mostly from stony brook university che 327 powerpoint slides and organic chemistry, 10th edition by solomons and ryhle. Simply put, aliphatic compounds are compounds that. Pdf organic chemistry introduction numbers and types of bonds for a common elements in. As seen in figure 143, their boiling points are nearly the same or even lower than those of the alkanes or cycloalkanes with the same number of carbons. Lesson handout and watch videos see videos linked above to help you understand types of organic reactions. Alkanes, hydrocarbons, class 11 the acyclic saturated hydrocarbons are called paraffins since they are relatively unreactive towards most of the reagents such as acids, bases oxidizing and reducing agents. Nov 05, 20 learn the basics of alkanes and alkenes. Halogens react with alkanes under the influence of heat or light to form alkyl halides. Alkanes and cycloalkanes section 2 of organic chemistry notes is 18 pages in length page 21 through page 218 and covers all youll need to know about the following lecturebook topics. Structure of organic compounds an organic compound is a compound made from carbon atoms one or more cs and many hs. Alkanes 2 organic chemistry nowadays almost drives me mad. Alkanes are named with the suffix ane following the hydrocarbon prefixes.
This post includes download links for bsc 1st year chemistry notes pdf. This organic chemistry note for igcse chemistry covers the three major homologous series alkane, alkene, and alcohols. The names of alkanes and cycloalkanes are the root names of organic compounds. Every living organism is made of organic chemicals. Alkanes chemical nomenclature assigns compounds a unique name that allows them to be easily identified and structurally understood. Jul 30, 2018 alkanes, hydrocarbons, class 11 the acyclic saturated hydrocarbons are called paraffins since they are relatively unreactive towards most of the reagents such as acids, bases oxidizing and reducing agents. Organic chemistryalkanes wikibooks, open books for an open. Alkanes are nonpolar and are hence soluble in other nonpolar liquids and not in water, as water is a polar molecule. A systematic system of nomenclature for organic compounds has been developed by the international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac. Nomenclature and isomerism in alkanes can further be understood with the help of a few more examples. The proteins that make up your hair, skin, and muscles.
General methods of preparation of alkanes is the topic which has a potential of fetching a question in iit jee and jee mainadvanced examination very frequently. Learn how to recognize the alkane functional group in organic compounds. Ii alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes school of chemistry and. Cyclic and branched alkanes will be discussed in greater detail in subsequent sections. Their general formula, physical and chemical properties. To me it appears like a primeval tropical forest full of the most remarkable things, a dreadful endless jungle into which. Read more pdf a textbook of organic chemistry by arun bahl pdf download. Tips and notes for english, general paper, and composition writing are also provided. If you find our website useful please recommend it to your friends, and dont.
After watching the covalent bonds video you should have sufficient knowledge to understand about how alkanes and. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. Alkanes and cycloalkanes 11 million organic compounds which are classified into families according to structure and reactivity functional group fg. This text is published under creative commons licensing, for referencing and adaptation, please click here. Part i library of synthetic reactions 1 note that this is a partial list of reactions 1 graphics are obtained mostly from stony brook university che 327 powerpoint slides and organic chemistry, 10th edition by solomons. Alkanes and cycloalkanes alkanes are the family of saturated hydrocarbons, that is, molecules containing carbon and hydrogen connected by single bonds only. This is the probability or chance that harm will result from the use of a hazardous substance or a procedure hazards and risks a hazard is a substance or procedure that can has the potential to do harm. Science organic chemistry alkanes, cycloalkanes, and functional groups naming alkanes. Actually, alkanes are members of a larger class of organic compounds called hydrocarbons. The first four members of straight chain alkanes methane, ethane, propane and butane are gases. Organic chemistry is the study of compounds based on hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
We will present the rules necessary to name alkanes in this unit, and will present additional rules for naming other functional groups in subsequent units. A systematic method for the naming of many organic compounds is contained in the iupac publication. Since there is very little difference between the electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen, alkanes are almost nonpolar. Carbons in alkanes or other organic compounds can be classified as primary 1, secondary 2, tertiary 3, and quaternary. Lecture handouts organic chemistry i chemistry mit. Short summary of iupac nomenclature of organic compounds. The international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac is. Click the link below to download the full chemistry form 3 notes pdf document, with all the. Fgs behave similarly in every molecule they are part of. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. Pdf organic chemistry i for dummies, 2nd edition by arthur winter free downlaod publisher. They are also sometimes referred to as olefins or as unsaturated compounds. Although these hydrocarbons have no functional groups, they constitute the framework on which functional groups are located in other classes of compounds, and provide an ideal starting point for studying and naming organic compounds. Physical properties of alkanes organic chemistry tutorial.
The international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac is the organization that assigns names to chemical compounds, and these names generally have. Types of organic reactions combustion, addition, elimination, substitution, esterification and polymerization read. Chemically, although they are fairly unreactive, they are flammable and used in many applications as a readily available source of heat and energy. Clearly a more systematic way of naming molecule is necessary and organic chemists have developed such a system, called iupac nomenclature international union of pure and applied chemistry. Nomenclature of organic chemistry 1979 and clarified in a guide to iupac nomenclature of organic compounds recommendations 1993. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left.
Since alkanes are the most fundamental types of organic compounds, their structural features a basic carbon chain, or skeleton provide the basis for the nomenclature of all organic compounds. In cyclic alkanes, the carbon backbone is linked so as to form a loop. These molecules can be in continuous chains called linear or acyclic, or in rings called cyclic or alicyclic. The compounds of carbon are the central substances of which all living things on this planet are made. Alkanes and cycloalkanes section 2 of organic chemistry notes is 18 pages in length page 21 through page 218 and covers all youll need to know about the following lecturebook topics section 2 the nature of organic compounds. Organic chemistry the best o level revision resource.
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